HTTPS
If your Web site is using HTTP, all requests and responses may be intercepted. If you want your Web site to be secure, never send private data through HTTP:
- Pages containing personal data must be sent only through HTTPS
- Passwords must be sent to the server only through HTTPS
- Use secure Eliom references to record user name or user ID once the user is connected, otherwise the session ID may be send through HTTP.
The application only does client-side verification
This is probably the biggest (and most dangerous) possible mistake. As the user has an entire control over the data sent to the server, never assume that the data sent by the client has been verified (even if some validation happens in Js_of_ocaml). Instead, reimplement all verification server-side.
- As a (small) mitigating factor, Eliom automatically checks that the type of the parameters is correct.
- Suggested approach: use permissions to control if the user is allowed to perform an action. Then,
- when creating a form, check if the user has the required permission (if not, you will usually display a message insufficient permissions instead of the form)
- in the service that answers to the form, perform the exact same check
However, as we are using safe unmarshaling, incorrect data will never crash the server.
Example: Never trust the (current) user ID sent by the client process. Always take the userid from the session, through cookies.
Incorrect access controls
This typically happens if authentication is badly implemented, or altogether missing in some places.
- each URL should implement user verification. Never assume that the user comes from a trusted URL, for example because the URL is secret.
- use a programmatic, layered model, which encodes the various user rights (for ex: admin/moderators/editors/connected users/anonymous). Thus a compromised login will not compromise the entire application
- Do not leak information through erroneous login (such as this login does not exist). Always answer Bad login or password, using always the same string
- Do not permit too many near-simultaneous login attempts, either for the same login, or from the same IP. You can use the module Lwt_throttle to delay login, if too many connections are started.
- Eliom modules are written in OCaml, which is a compiled language. This prevents all code injection possible with scripting languages.
- No SQL injection is possible if you use Macaque or PGOCaml, which use PostgreSQL prepared statements.
- No HTML injection is possible, as unsafe HTML characters are always escaped before being written.
- The module Extendconfiguration can be used to prevent access to files or entire directories, from both Staticmod and Eliom.
- Even if userconf is activated, users can only expose their own files; see the
localpath option for details. - Occurrences of the
'..' pattern appearing in URLs are automatically removed by the server - Ocsigen automatically decode HTML entities in URLs, which protects against attacks based on quoted characters
- Ocsigen cookies are cryptographically generated, and cannot be guessed by the attacker. Thus the attacker cannot control, or supply, the cookie of the client.
- To be completely safe, do not issue tokens to anonymous users, or issue a new token as soon as a login/logout takes place
- most XSS attacks require code injection, from which you are automatically protected (see above)
- However, avoid at all costs to put user-supplied text in sensitive tags, including:
<script> tags- javascripts events such as
onmouseover - inside
<meta> refresh tags - if the user can upload files, sanitize very severely html or text files (that can contain javascript). Moreover, IE sometimes disregards the content-type send by the server when it receives an image that is actually html, so you also need to check those files.
- Ocsigen server does not implement the trace directive.
- Furthermore, this attack is no longer really relevant, as current browsers protect against this kind of exploit
Redirection attacks
- Do not let the user supply the URL to which a page redirects.
- Using Eliom, you can use non-attached co-services to implement functionalities such as login forms. This way:
- you have a login form on each page
- you write the login code only once
- the user will not have control of any redirection
- In general, do not let the user write text inside HTTP headers
- Likewise, do not let the user write its own value in a Cookie, as it gives access to this header
- To protect against badly written applications, Ocsigen sanitizes HTTP headers when it prints them: a space is inserted before any CR or LF occurring in the content of a header
On-site request forgery
- If a user has control of a URL (especially one that is automatically read, such as an
<img>), remove characters such as ?, &, =... - As a mitigating factor, do not write GET services that actually perform actions. Use only POST, which cannot be invoked from a URL.
- Eliom provides automatic protection: see the parameter
csrf_safe of coservices - Alternatively, each time you generate a form, add a hidden field containing a unique id. The service that is called by the form must check that the id is valid.
Denial of service
- Use session groups to prevent a user from creating an unlimited number of sessions or dynamic services. (And do not attribute tokens to anonymous users). Even if you do not use session groups, Eliom limits the number of in memory sessions by sub network. Warning: no limitation of the number of persistent sessions.